A technical deep-dive into the AWS infrastructure stack for foundation model training and inference, covering four layers: compute infrastructure (EC2 P-instances with NVIDIA H100/H200/Blackwell GPUs, EFA networking, tiered storage), resource orchestration (Slurm and Kubernetes via SageMaker HyperPod), the ML software stack (CUDA, NCCL, PyTorch, vLLM, SGLang, Megatron), and observability (Prometheus, Grafana, DCGM-Exporter). The post explains how scaling has evolved beyond pre-training to include post-training and test-time compute, and how all three regimes share the same infrastructure requirements. It details NVLink/EFA bandwidth specs across GPU generations, UltraCluster and UltraServer architectures, gang scheduling challenges in Kubernetes, and GPU health monitoring patterns.