Post-quantum cryptography (PQC) is becoming increasingly important as quantum computing advances threaten to break today's asymmetric encryption (RSA, public/private key systems) using algorithms like Shor's algorithm. Symmetric encryption (AES) remains quantum-resistant, but asymmetric systems need replacing. NIST has already standardized PQC algorithms, and Microsoft is rolling out quantum-safe algorithms across its services in phases through 2027. Organizations should inventory their use of asymmetric cryptography, make systems crypto-agile, adopt PQC libraries, and use private networking now to guard against 'harvest now, decrypt later' attacks where adversaries store encrypted traffic today to decrypt it once quantum computers mature.

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