Quantum error correction (QEC) is the primary strategy for protecting a quantum computer from the environment1,2. The prerequisite of QEC is that errors must remain sufficiently rare, which requires perpetually adapting the control parameters of the computer to the drifting environmental conditions. The current solution to this problem is to terminate the entire quantum computation for recalibration, but it is incompatible with the long runtimes of future quantum algorithms3,4. Here we address this challenge by unifying calibration with computation. We grant the QEC process5–11 a dual role: its error-detection events are not only used to correct the logical quantum state but are also repurposed as a learning signal, teaching a reinforcement learning agent12–16 to continuously steer the control parameters and stabilize the quantum system during computation. We experimentally demonstrate this framework on a Willow superconducting processor, improving the logical stability of the surface code 3.5-fold against injected drift. By synthesizing our full suite of technological advances, we achieve record performance of the surface and colour codes, with average logical error per cycle of 7.72(9) × 10−4 and 8.19(14) × 10−3, respectively. Numerical simulations of large codes with tens of thousands of control parameters confirm the scalability of our RL framework, revealing an optimization speed that is independent of system size. This work thus enables a new paradigm: a quantum computer that learns from its errors and never stops computing. By integrating reinforcement learning with quantum error correction, a quantum computer continuously self-calibrates during computation, achieving record logical error rates and enhanced resilience to drift.

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Google Quantum AI demonstrates a framework that unifies quantum error correction (QEC) with real-time calibration using reinforcement learning (RL). Instead of halting computation for recalibration, the RL agent repurposes error-detection events as a learning signal to continuously steer over 1,000 control parameters on the Willow superconducting processor. This achieves a 3.5-fold improvement in logical error rate stability against injected drift and sets record logical error rates: 7.72×10⁻⁴ for the distance-7 surface code and 8.19×10⁻³ for the distance-5 colour code. Numerical simulations confirm scalability to distance-15 codes with ~40,000 parameters, with convergence rate independent of system size, enabling a quantum computer that learns from its errors without interrupting computation.

Reinforcement learning control of quantum error correction