A breakdown of Amazon S3's internal architecture covering how it handles uploads via parallel chunking with checksums, fault tolerance through shuffle sharding and multi-region redundancy, auto-scaling with heat-balanced shard population, and data durability using error-correcting codes instead of naive replication. S3 adds 4 parity parts per 5 data parts, achieving 1.8x storage overhead while guaranteeing 11 nines of durability.

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