Value Objects are a core DDD building block for creating rich, encapsulated domain models. Unlike Entities (identified by a unique ID), Value Objects are identified by structural equality — comparing their contents rather than references. The post demonstrates the problem with scattering validation logic across services (leading to an Anemic Domain Model), then shows how to implement a generic abstract ValueObject base class in TypeScript using Object.freeze, shallow equality comparison, and the static factory method pattern with private constructors to enforce invariants at the type level.
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